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A Scoping Review of Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Care in the United States: Assessing Outcomes Across Six Patient Care Domains
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

A Scoping Review of Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Care in the United States: Assessing Outcomes Across Six Patient Care Domains

Emma Virginia Clark, Robyn Schafer, Rachel Lane Walden, Julie Blumenfeld, Carrie E. Neerland, Katie Page, Mavis N. Schorn, Sanjana Chimata and Heather M. Bradford
The Milbank quarterly, Vol.104(1), pp.220-291
03/01/2026
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7282/00000619
PMID: 41787971

Abstract

health care disparities maternal health services nurse-midwives quality of health care Midwifery Reproductive Health Services
Policy Points: r Certified nurse-midwife (CNM)/certified midwife (CM) care is associated with outcomes that are comparable or improved compared to physician care across multiple domains of health care quality, especially safety and effectiveness. CNM/CM care is consistently associated with lower rates of intrapartum interventions and improved birth outcomes and patient satisfaction. r Integration of CNM/CM care remains limited across many US health systems due to scope of practice restrictions and institutional policies. r Growing, diversifying, and integrating CNM/CM care offers a critical pathway to advancing health care quality, equity, and efficiency in the United States and addressing the alarming rise in adverse perinatal and sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Context: The alarming rise in US maternal mortality and disparities in perinatal, sexual , and reproductive health outcomes underscores the urgent need for effective, equitable, and evidence-based models of care. Care provided by certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and ## These authors contributed equally to this work
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