645400 - High Energy Physics- Field Theory CRYSTAL MODELS ELECTRIC CHARGES ELECTRODYNAMICS ELEMENTARY PARTICLES EXPECTATION VALUE FUNCTIONS GAUGE INVARIANCE INVARIANCE PRINCIPLES ISING MODEL MAGNETIC MONOPOLES MATHEMATICAL MODELS MONOPOLES PARTITION FUNCTIONS PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS POSTULATED PARTICLES VACUUM STATES
We present an intuitive explanation of the first-order nature of the phase transitions in the four-dimensional Z(N) gauge theories for N < or = 4 in terms of the effective potential for electric and magnetic monopoles.