Abstract
Nomenclature: dicamba; sweet basil; Ocimum basilicum L.; bell pepper; Capsicum annuum L.; cucumber; Cucumis sativus L.; eggplant; Solanum melongena L.; kale; Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC.; lettuce; Lactuca sativa L.; lima bean; Phaseolus lunatus L.; pumpkin; Cucurbita pepo L.; snap bean; Phaseolus vulgaris L.; soybean; Glycine max (L.) Merr.; summer squash; Cucurbita melopepo L.; tomato; Solanum lycopersicum L.; watermelon; Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
Abstract: Dicamba is a synthetic auxin herbicide that may be applied over the top of transgenic dicamba-tolerant crops. The increasing prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds has resulted in increased reliance on dicamba-based herbicides in soybean production systems. Because of the high volatility of dicamba it is prone to off-target movement, and therefore concern exists regarding its drift onto nearby specialty crops. The present study evaluates 12 mid-Atlantic vegetable crops species for sensitivity to sublethal rates of dicamba. Soybean, snap bean, lima bean, tomato, eggplant, bell pepper, cucumber, summer squash, watermelon, pumpkin, sweet basil, lettuce, and kale were grown in a greenhouse and exposed to dicamba at 0, 0.056, 0.11, 0.28, 0.56, 1.12, 2.24 g ae ha −1 , which is, respectively , 0, 1/10,000, 1/5,000, 1/2,000, 1/1,000, 1/500, and 1/250 of the maximum recommended label rate for soybean application (560 g ae ha −1). Vegetable crop injury was evaluated 4 wk after treatment using visual rating methods and leaf deformation index measurements. Overall, snap bean was the most sensitive crop, with dicamba rates as low as 0.11 g ae ha −1 resulting in significantly higher leaf deformation levels compared with the nontreated control. Other Fabaceae and Solanaceae species also demonstrated high sensitivity to sublethal rates of dicamba with rates ranging 0.28 to 0.56 g ae ha −1 causing higher leaf deformation compared with the nontreated control. While cucumber , pumpkin, and summer squash were no or moderately sensitive to dicamba, watermelon showed greater sensitivity with unique symptoms at rates as low as 0.056 g ae ha −1 based on visual evaluation. Within the range of tested dicamba rates, sweet basil, lettuce, and kale demonstrated tolerance to dicamba with no injury observed at the maximum rate of 2.24 g ae ha −1 .