Abstract
Algae are (mostly) photosynthetic eukaryotes that occupy multiple branches of the tree of life, and are vital for planet function and health. In this review, we highlight a transformative period in studies of the evolution and functioning of this extraordinary group of organisms and their potential for novel applications, wrought by high-throughput ‘omic’ and reverse genetic methods. We cover the origin and diversification of algal groups, explore advances in understanding the link between phenotype and genotype, consider algal sex determination, and review progress in understanding the roots of algal multicellularity. Experimental evolution studies to determine how algae evolve in changing environments are highlighted, as is their potential as production platforms for compounds of commercial interest, such as biofuel precursors, nutraceuticals, or therapeutics.
Application of modern ‘omic and genetic methods has significantly advanced our understanding of the origin, evolution, and metabolic potential of unicellular and multicellular algae, as well as their diverse modes of sexual reproduction.
The GreenCut proteins, a conserved gene set in the Viridiplantae, are primarily plastid targeted and have key roles in the function and regulation of photosynthesis, including the maintenance of photosynthetic reaction complexes.
Lab evolution experiments demonstrate the strong adaptability of microalgae to environmental changes that are associated with climate change, although it is unclear whether these results will hold in natural ecosystems.
The development of algae as ‘cell factories’ promises to allow the production of not only endogenous molecules, but also non-native compounds such as high-value pigments, bulk chemicals, or even therapeutic proteins.